Crusader Landscapes in the Medieval Levant the Archaeology and History of the Latin East Review

Baltic state, 1200s-1525

State of the Teutonic Order Staat des Deutschen Ordens (German) Civitas Ordinis Theutonici (Latin)
1226–1561
Flag Coat of arms
The State of the Teutonic Society in 1422
Condition	Sovereign state (1226–1466) Fief and role (Prussia only) of Poland[ane] (1466–1525)
Capital	Marienburg (1308–1454) Königsberg (1454–1525)
Common languages	Old Prussian language (Popular), Low German, Latin, Baltic languages, Estonian, Livonian, Smooth
Faith	Roman Cosmic
Demonym(southward)	Teutons
Government	Theocratic elective monarchy
Thou Master (until 1308); Grand Master and Land Main of Prussia (until 1525); State Master of Livonia (until 1561)
• 1226–1239	Hermann (first reigning Grand Master)
• 1510–1525	Albert (last reigning Grand Master and State Master of Prussia)
• 1559–1561	Gotthard (last reigning Land Principal of Livonia (Terra Mariana)
Legislature	Estates[2]
Historical era	Centre Ages
• Golden Bull of Rimini	March 1226
• Teutonic takeover (Slaughter) of Gdańsk	08 Nov 1308
• Battle of Grunwald	fifteen July 1410
• 13 Years' War	1454–1466
• Second Peace of Thorn	19 October 1466
• Polish–Teutonic State of war	1519–1521
• Prussian Homage (finish of the Prussian branch)	10 April 1525
• Treaty of Vilnius (1561) (finish of the Livonian branch)	28 November 1561
Currency	Mark
Preceded by Succeeded by One-time Prussians Duchy of Republic of estonia Yotvingians Duchy of Prussia Duchy of Courland and Semigalia Duchy of Livonia Swedish Estonia

The State of the Teutonic Club (German language: Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Latin: Civitas Ordinis Theutonici; Lithuanian: Vokiečių ordino valstybė; Polish: Państwo zakonu krzyżackiego), besides called Deutschordensstaat (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃʔɔʁdn̩sˌʃtaːt]) or Ordensstaat ^[3] ( [ˈɔʁdn̩sˌʃtaːt]), was a medieval crusader country, located in Fundamental Europe along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. It was formed past the knights of the Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades in the region of Prussia. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Guild of Prussia and became known as its co-operative, the Livonian Social club, while their state (Terra Mariana) became a office of the Teutonic Order Country. At its greatest territorial extent, in the early 15th century, it encompassed Chełmno Land, Courland, Gotland, Livonia, Neumark, Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania), Prussia and Samogitia, i.due east. territories nowadays located in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, Russia and Sweden.

Following the battles of Grunwald in 1410 and Wilkomierz in 1435, the State fell into decline. After losing all-encompassing territory in the imposed Peace of Thorn in 1466, the extant territory of its Prussian branch became known every bit Monastic Prussia (Polish: Prusy zakonne) or Teutonic Prussia (Smooth: Prusy krzyżackie) and existed until 1525 equally a part and fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland.^[1] The Livonian branch joined the Livonian Confederation and continued to exist equally its part until 1561.

Overview [edit]

Established in Prussia and the Smoothen Masovian Chełmno Land in the 13th century, the state expanded mostly as a upshot of the 13th-century Prussian Crusade against the pagan Baltic Prussians and the 14th-century invasions of neighboring Christian countries of Poland and Republic of lithuania.^[4] The conquests were followed by German and Polish colonization.^[5] In add-on, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword controlling Terra Mariana were incorporated into the Teutonic Guild every bit its democratic branch, the Livonian Order in 1237.^[6] In 1346, the Duchy of Republic of estonia was sold past the King of Kingdom of denmark for xix,000 Cologne marks to the Teutonic Order. The shift of sovereignty from Kingdom of denmark to the Teutonic Gild took place on 1 November 1346.^[seven] At the plough of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Teutonic Society temporarily acquired the territories of Gotland and Neumark, which, however, it sold in the post-obit decades.

Throughout its history, the Teutonic land waged numerous wars with Poland^[iv] and Lithuania, encouraging the two countries to form a close brotherhood and personal union, which eventually led to the cosmos of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century. Following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 the Teutonic Lodge vicious into decline, the region of Samogitia was restored to Lithuania.^[viii]

The Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order returned Pomerelia (the previously Polish regions of Chełmno Land and Gdańsk Pomerania) and ceded the western part of Prussia (Warmia, likewise as parts of Pomesania and Pogesania) to Poland after the Peace of Thorn in 1466.^[nine] The territories ceded to the Kingdom of Poland formed the Smooth province of Imperial Prussia, while the eastern office remained under Teutonic Lodge dominion,^[10] known thereafter as the Monastic Prussia (Polish: Prusy zakonne) or Teutonic Prussia (Polish: Prusy krzyżackie), as a feudal fief and integral office of the Kingdom of Poland.^[1] The monastic state of the Gild'due south principal (Prussian) branch was secularized in 1525 during the Protestant Reformation to become the Duchy of Prussia ruled past the Firm of Hohenzollern, remaining a fiefdom of the Polish Crown and later the Polish–Lithuanian Democracy.

The Livonian branch continued as part of the Livonian Confederation established in 1422–1435, which became a protectorate of the One thousand Duchy of Lithuania in 1559, and was finally secularised and split into the Duchy of Courland and Semigalia, as well as the Duchy of Livonia in 1561, both duchies being fiefs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Groundwork [edit]

Poles in Old Prussia [edit]

The Sometime Prussians withstood many attempts at conquest preceding that of the Teutonic Knights. Bolesław I of Poland began the series of unsuccessful conquests when he sent Adalbert of Prague in 997. In 1147, Bolesław 4 of Poland attacked Prussia with the assistance of Kievan Rus, but was unable to conquer it. Numerous other attempts followed, and, under Knuckles Konrad I of Masovia, were intensified, with large battles and crusades in 1209, 1219, 1220 and 1222.^[11]

History of Brandenburg and Prussia
Northern March 965–983		Old Prussians pre-13th century
Lutician federation 983 – twelfth century
Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157–1618 (1806) (HRE) (Bohemia 1373–1415)		Teutonic Order 1224–1525 (Polish fief 1466–1525)
		Duchy of Prussia 1525–1618 (1701) (Polish fief 1525–1657)		Majestic (Polish) Prussia (Poland) 1454/1466 – 1772
Brandenburg-Prussia 1618–1701
Kingdom in Prussia 1701–1772
Kingdom of Prussia 1772–1918
Free State of Prussia (Federal republic of germany) 1918–1947			Klaipėda Region (Lithuania) 1920–1939 / 1945–present	Recovered Territories (Poland) 1918/1945–nowadays
Brandenburg (Germany) 1947–1952 / 1990–present		Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia) 1945–nowadays

The West-Baltic Prussians successfully repelled nigh of the campaigns and managed to strike Konrad in retaliation. However, the Prussians and Yotvingians in the s had their territory conquered. The land of the Yotvingians was situated in the area of what is today the Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland. The Prussians attempted to oust Polish or Masovian forces from Yotvingia, which by now was partially conquered, devastated and about totally depopulated.

Papal edicts [edit]

Konrad of Masovia had already called a crusade against the Quondam Prussians in 1208, simply it was not successful. Konrad, acting on the communication of Christian, first bishop of Prussia, established the Club of Dobrzyń, a modest group of 15 knights. The Order, all the same, was soon defeated and, in reaction, Konrad called on the Pope for yet another cause and for assistance from the Teutonic Knights. Every bit a result, several edicts called for crusades against the Quondam Prussians. The crusades, involving many of Europe'south knights, lasted for sixty years.

In 1211, Andrew Ii of Hungary enfeoffed the Teutonic Knights with the Burzenland. In 1225, Andrew 2 expelled the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania, and they had to transfer to the Baltic Sea.

Early on in 1224, Emperor Frederick Ii announced at Catania that Livonia, Prussia with Sambia, and a number of neighboring provinces were nether imperial immediacy. This decree subordinated the provinces direct to the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Emperor every bit opposed to existence nether the jurisdiction of local rulers.

At the finish of 1224, Pope Honorius III announced to all Christendom his appointment of Bishop William of Modena equally the Papal Legate for Livonia, Prussia, and other countries.

As a result of the Golden Bull of Rimini in 1226 and the Papal Bull of Rieti of 1234, Prussia came into the Teutonic Order's possession. The Knights began the Prussian Cause in 1230. Under their governance, woodlands were cleared and marshlands made arable, upon which many cities and villages were founded, including Marienburg (Malbork) and Königsberg (Kaliningrad).

Cities founded [edit]

Unlike newly founded cities between the rivers Elbe and Oder the cities founded by the Teutonic Society had a much more regular, rectangular sketch of streets, indicating their character equally planned foundations.^[12] The cities were heavily fortified, bookkeeping for the long lasting conflicts with the resistive native Former Prussians, with armed forces under command of the knights.^[12] Near cities were prevailingly populated with immigrants from Middle Germany and Silesia, where many knights of the society had their homelands.^[13]

The cities were normally given Magdeburg law town privileges, with the one exception of Elbing (Elbląg), which was founded with the back up of Lübeckers and thus was awarded Lübeck police force.^[12] While the Lübeckers provided the Order important logistic support with their ships, they were otherwise, with the exception of Elbing, rather uninvolved in the establishment of the Monastic State.^[12]

History [edit]

13th century [edit]

In 1234, the Teutonic Gild assimilated the remaining members of the Order of Dobrzyń and, in 1237, the Order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The absorption of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in Livonia in 1202) increased the Teutonic Order'due south lands with the improver of the territories known today equally Latvia and Estonia.

In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics: Culm (Chełmno), Pomesania, Ermland (Warmia) and Samland (Sambia). The bishoprics became suffragans to the Archbishopric of Riga under the female parent city of Visby on Gotland. Each diocese was fiscally and administratively divided into one-tertiary reserved for the maintenance of the capitular canons, and ii-thirds were where the Social club collected the dues. The cathedral capitular canons of Culm, Pomesania and Samland were simultaneously members of the Teutonic Order since the 1280s, ensuring a strong influence past the Club. Only Warmia's diocesan chapter maintained independence, enabling to establish its autonomous dominion in the capitular third of Warmia's diocesan territory (Prince-Bishopric of Warmia).

14th century [edit]

Danzig and the Hansa [edit]

At the beginning of the 14th century, the Duchy of Pomerania, a neighboring region, plunged into state of war with Poland and the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the due west. The Teutonic Knights seized the Polish port metropolis of Gdańsk in November 1308. The Order had been called by King Władysław I of Poland to assistance repel a Brandenburgian invasion, however, the Teutonic Knights themselves began to occupy the city and the region. The Teutonic Knights then carried out a massacre of the inhabitants of the city, killing up to ten,000 people according to medieval sources, although the exact number of victims is a subject of disputes. In September 1309, Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal sold his claim to the territory to the Teutonic Order for the sum of x,000 Marks in the Treaty of Soldin. This marked the beginning of a series of conflicts betwixt Poland and the Teutonic Knights as the Social club continued incorporating territories into its domains. While the Order promoted the Prussian cities past granting them extended surrounding territory and privileges, establishing courts, civil and commercial law, information technology immune the cities less outward independence than free majestic cities enjoyed within the Holy Roman Empire.^{[13] [14]}

The members of the Hanseatic League did consider merchants from Prussian cities as their like, but also accepted the Grand Main ^[fifteen] of the Social club equally the sole territorial ruler representing Prussia at their Hanseatic Diets.^[12] Thus Prussian merchants, forth with those from Ditmarsh, were the simply beneficiaries of a quasi membership inside the Hansa, although defective the groundwork of citizenship in a fully democratic or free city.^[16] Only merchants from the six Prussian Hanseatic cities of Braunsberg (Braniewo), Culm (Chełmno), Danzig (Gdańsk), Elbing, Königsberg and Thorn (Toruń) were considered fully fledged members of the league, while merchants from other Prussian cities had a lesser status.^[17]

The Teutonic Society's annexation and possession of Gdańsk (Danzig) and the surrounding region was consistently disputed by the Polish kings Władysław I and Casimir Three the Great—claims that led to the Smooth–Teutonic War (1326–1332) and, eventually, lawsuits in the papal courtroom in 1320 and 1333, which ruled in favor of Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and connected to occupy the annexed Shine territories.^[4] The Teutonic Knights fifty-fifty invaded Poland further and briefly occupied the regions of Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land.^[4] A peace was ended at Kalisz in 1343, Kuyavia and Dobrzyń State were restored to Poland, and the Teutonic Guild agreed that Poland should dominion Pomerelia as a fief and Polish kings, therefore, retained the right to the title Duke of Pomerania. The title referred to the Duchy of Pomerelia. Dissimilar in English language, High german, Latin or Lithuanian language Polish uses the term Pomorze for Pomerania (a fief of Poland, Saxony and Denmark in the High Middle Ages, and first briefly in 1181, just since 1227 a permanent fief inside the Holy Roman Empire) and Pomerelia alike. Both duchies were before ruled by related dynasties, thus the semantic title was Knuckles of Pomerania rather than Duke of Pomerelia, equally it was referred to in other languages.

2nd Danish-Hanseatic War [edit]

In the conflict between the Hanse and Denmark on the merchandise in the Baltic King Valdemar 4 of Denmark had held the Hanseatic city of Visby to ransom in 1361.^[18] However, the members of the Hanseatic league were undecided to unite against him.^[19] However, when Valdemar IV then captured Prussian merchant ships in the Øresund on their way to England, Grand Master Winrich of Kniprode travelled to Lübeck to propose a war alliance against Denmark, received with reluctance just by the important cities forming the Wendish-Saxon third of the Hanse.^[20]

Since Valdemar IV had as well attacked ships of the Dutch city of Kampen and other destinations in the Zuiderzee, Prussia and Dutch cities, such as Kampen, Elburg and Harderwijk, allied themselves against Denmark.^[xx] This then made the Hansa calling upward a diet in Cologne in 1367, also convening the afore-mentioned and more not-member cities like Amsterdam and Brielle, founding the Cologne Federation as a war alliance, in order to ban the Danish threat.^[21] More cities from the Lower Rhine area till upward to Livonia joined.^[21]

Of the major players but Bremen and Hamburg refused to send forces, just contributed financially.^[22] Likewise Prussia, three more territorial partners, Henry 2 of Schauenburg and Holstein-Rendsburg, Albert 2 of Mecklenburg, and the latter's son Albert of Sweden, joined the alliance, attacking via land and sea, forcing Denmark to sign the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370.^[22] Several Danish castles and fortresses were then taken by Hansa forces for xv years, in gild to secure the implementation of the peace weather.

English Merchant Adventurers [edit]

The invasions of the Teutonic Order from Livonia to Pskov in 1367 had caused the Russians to recoup themselves on Hansa merchants in Novgorod, which again made the Order block exports of salt and herring into Russia.^[23] While the relations had eased past 1371 then that trade resumed, they soured once again until 1388.^[24]

During the Lithuanian crusade of 1369/1370, catastrophe with the Teutonic victory in the Battle of Rudau, Prussia enjoyed considerable support from English knights.^[25] The Guild welcomed English language Merchant Adventurers, starting to cruise in the Baltic, competing with Dutch, Saxon and Wendish Hanseatic merchants, and allowed them to open outposts in its cities of Danzig and Elbing.^[26] This necessarily brought nigh a conflict with the rest of the Hansa, which was in a heavy statement with Richard Two of England, over levies of higher dues. The Merchants struggled to accomplish an unsatisfactory compromise.^[25]

Dissatisfied Richard II'southward navy suddenly attacked six Prussian ships in May 1385 – and those of more Hanse members – in the Zwin,^[27] Yard Master Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein immediately terminated all trade with England.^[27] When in the aforementioned year the Hansa evacuated all their Danish castles in fulfillment of the Treaty of Stralsund, Prussia argued in favour of a renewal of the Cologne Federation for the deeply concerned about the ensuing conflict with England, but could not prevail.^[28]

The cities preferred to negotiate and have retaliatory actions, such as counter-confiscation of English merchandise.^[27] So when in 1388 Richard II finally reconfirmed the Hanseatic merchandise privileges, Prussia once once again permitted merchant adventurers, granting permissions to remain; for this action they were renounced once over again by the Grand Chief Conrad of Jungingen in 1398.^[27]

In the conflict with the Burgundian Philip the Bold on the Hansa privileges in the Flemish cities the positions of the Hanseatic cities and Prussia were again reversed. Hither the bulk of the Hansa members decided in the Hanseatic Diet on i May 1388 for an embargo against the Flemish cities. Meanwhile, Prussia could non prevail with its plea for further negotiations.^[29]

Trading [edit]

The Order's Großschäffer was one of the leading functionaries of the order. The discussion translates most as "chief sales and buying officer" with procuration. They were in charge of the considerable commerce, import, export, crediting, existent manor investment etc., which the Lodge carried out, using its network of bailiwicks and agencies spanned over much of Central, Western and Southern Europe and the Holy Country. The other Großschäffer in Marienburg had the grain consign monopoly. As to imports both were not bound to any particular merchandise. From Königsberg, holding the monopoly in amber export, achieved the exceptional permission to go along amber exports to Flemish region and textile imports in return.^[30] On the occasion of the ban on Flemish trade, the Hansa urged Prussia and Livonia over again to interrupt the exchange with Novgorod too, but with both blockades Russian and Flemish bolt could not reach their final destinations.^[24] In 1392 it was then 1000 Master Conrad of Wallenrode who supported the Flemish to achieve an acceptable agreement with the Hansa resuming the bilateral merchandise.^[30] While a Hanseatic delegation nether Johann Niebur reopened trade with Novgorod in the same year, after reconfirmation of the previous common privileges.^[24]

Since the belatedly 1380s grave piracy by privateers, promoted past Albert of Sweden and Mecklenburg actually directed against Margaret I of Denmark, blocked seafaring to the herring supplies at the Scania Market, thus fish prices tripled in Prussia.^[31] The Saxon Hansa cities urged Prussia to intervene, but Conrad of Jungingen was more worried nigh a Danish victory.^[31] So just after the cities, led by Lübeck'due south burgomaster Hinrich Westhof, had liaised the Treaty of Skanör (1395), Albert's defeat manifested, so that Prussia finally sent out its ships, led by Danzig'southward city councillor Conrad Letzkau.^{[32] [33]} Until 1400 the united Teutonic-Hanseatic flotilla so thoroughly cleared the Baltic Sea from pirates, the Victual Brothers, and even took the isle of Gotland in 1398.^{[32] [33]}

Commodity selling prices of Teutonic Social club in Prussian Marks, 1400^[34]

Saffron	7040	Hungarian Atomic number 26	21
Ginger	1040	Trave Salt	12.five
Pepper	640	Herring	12
Wax	237.5	Flemish table salt	viii
French wine	109.5	Wismar beer	7.5
Rice	80	Flour	seven.5
Steel	75	Wheat	seven
Rhenish wine	66	Rye	5.75
Oil	sixty	Barley	4.2
Love	35	Ash woad	4.75
Butter	30

15th century [edit]

Konrad von Jungingen [edit]

At the beginning of the 15th century, the State of the Teutonic Order stood at the height of its power under Konrad (Conrad) von Jungingen. The Teutonic navy ruled the Baltic Bounding main from bases in Prussia and Gotland, and the Prussian cities provided tax revenues sufficient to maintain a meaning standing force equanimous of Teutonic Knights proper, their retinues, Prussian peasant levies, and German mercenaries.

In 1402, the Luxembourg dynasty, which ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg, reached an understanding with Poland in Kraków, co-ordinate to which Poland was to purchase and re-incorporate the region of New March (Neumark).^[35] Subsequently that year, all the same, the Luxembourgs gave the region in pawn to the Teutonic Order despite prior arrangements with Poland, and the Society kept it until Brandenburg redeemed it again in 1454 and 1455, respectively, by the Treaties of Cölln and Mewe. Though the possession of this territory by the Order strengthened ties between the Order and their secular counterparts in northern Germany, it exacerbated the already hostile relationship between the Society and Polish–Lithuanian spousal relationship.

In March 1407, Konrad died from complications caused by gallstones and was succeeded by his younger brother, Ulrich von Jungingen. Under Ulrich, the Teutonic State fell from its precarious height and became mired in internal political strife, near-constant war with Shine–Lithuanian matrimony, and crippling war debts.

Losses to Poland, Smoothen suzerainty [edit]

In 1408, Conrad Letzkau served as a diplomat to Queen Margaret I and arranged that the Order sell Gotland to Denmark.^[32] In 1409, the Teutonic Order invaded Poland's Dobrzyń Land again, and the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War broke out,^[4] in which the Teutonic Knights were supported past the Duchy of Pomerania, and the Smooth-Lithuanian alliance was supported past Ruthenian, Tatar and Moldavian allies and auxiliary forces. Poland and Republic of lithuania triumphed post-obit a victory at the Boxing of Grunwald (Tannenberg), which marked the showtime of the decline of the State of the Teutonic Order, and the rising of the Smooth–Lithuanian matrimony as a major ability in Central and Eastern Europe.^[36]

The Order assigned Heinrich von Plauen to defend Teutonic-held Eastern Pomerania (Pomerelia), who moved rapidly to eternalize the defense of Marienburg Castle in Pomesania. Heinrich von Plauen was elected vice-grand master and led the Teutonic Knights through the Siege of Marienburg in 1410. Eventually von Plauen was promoted to Grand Master and, in 1411, concluded the First Treaty of Thorn with Rex Władysław Ii Jagiełło of Poland.

The next major Smooth–Teutonic war was fought in 1431–1435, after the Teutonic Knights invaded Poland again, and was ended in the Peace of Brześć Kujawski, which was favorable for Poland.^[4]

In March 1440, gentry (mainly from Culmerland) and the Hanseatic cities of Danzig, Elbing, Kneiphof, Thorn and other Prussian cities founded the Prussian Confederation to free themselves from the overlordship of the Teutonic Knights. Due to the heavy losses and costs later the state of war against Poland and Lithuania, the Teutonic Order nerveless taxes at steep rates. Furthermore, the cities were not allowed due representation by the Teutonic Order.

In February 1454, the Prussian Confederation asked King Casimir IV of Poland to support their revolt and to incorporate the region to the Kingdom of Poland. King Casimir Iv agreed and signed the act of incorporation in Kraków on six March 1454.^[37] The Xiii Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic wars, (also known every bit the War of the Cities) broke out. Diverse cities of the region pledged allegiance to the Polish King in 1454.^[38]

The Second Peace of Thorn in October 1466 ended the war and provided for the Teutonic Order'southward cession of its rights over the western half of its territories to the Shine Kingdom,^[9] which became the Smoothen province of Royal Prussia and the remaining part of the Guild'southward country became a fief and protectorate of Poland, considered part of one and indivisible Kingdom of Poland.^[1] In accordance to the peace treaty, from at present on, every Grand Master was obliged to swear an adjuration of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office, and whatever new territorial acquisitions by the Teutonic Gild, also outside Prussia, would also be incorporated into Poland.^[39] The Grand Main of the Teutonic Order became a prince and advisor of the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland.^[40]

Formation of a new dignity [edit]

While the Knights of the Teutonic Order formed a sparse ruling grade by themselves, they have extensively used mercenaries, more often than not German, from the Holy Roman Empire, to whom they granted lands in return. This gradually created a new class of landed dignity. Due to several factors, among which was the loftier charge per unit of early death in battle, these lands became full-bodied over time in the hands of a relatively small number of noblemen each having a vast estate. This dignity would evolve to what is known every bit the Prussian Junker nobility.^[41]

16th century and aftermath [edit]

Transformation to Ducal Prussia [edit]

During the Protestant Reformation, endemic religious upheavals and wars occurred across the region. In 1525, during the aftermath of the Polish-Teutonic State of war (1519–1521), Sigismund I the Old, Male monarch of Poland, and his nephew, the terminal Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a member of a buck branch of the Firm of Hohenzollern, agreed that the latter would resign his position, adopt Lutheran faith and assume the championship of Duke of Prussia. Thereafter referred to as Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen, Preußen Herzoglichen Anteils; Polish: Prusy Książęce), remaining a Polish fief.

The Prussian Homage of 1525 established Ducal Prussia every bit a vassal duchy of the Kingdom of Poland, in identify of the State of the Teutonic Order

Thus in a deal partially brokered by Martin Luther, Roman Catholic Teutonic Prussia was transformed into the Duchy of Prussia, the beginning Protestant state. Sigismund's consent was leap to Albert'due south submission to Poland, which became known as the Prussian Homage. On 10 December 1525 at their session in Königsberg the Prussian estates established the Lutheran Church in Ducal Prussia by deciding the Church Order.^[42]

The Habsburg-led Holy Roman Empire connected to hold its claim to Prussia and furnished yard masters of the Teutonic Guild, who were merely titular administrators of Prussia, but managed to retain many of the Teutonic holdings elsewhere exterior of Prussia.

Archeology [edit]

Fortifications of the Ordensstaat accept been examined through archaeological digging since the end of Earth War II, especially those built or expanded during the fourteenth century. Fortifications are by and large the best preserved cloth legacy of the Order'southward presence in the Baltic today, and timber and earth, as well as brick examples, are attested in the archaeological record. The earliest castles in the Ordensstaat consisted of simple buildings attached to a fortified enclosure and, whilst the quadrangular carmine-brick structure would come to typify convent buildings, unmarried-wing castles would keep to be built aslope timber towers.^[43] Where they followed the conventional layout, castles included a continued set up of communal spaces such equally a dormitory, refectory, kitchen, chapter business firm, a chapel or church building, an infirmary, and tower projecting over the moat.

Marienburg fort [edit]

Construction began on Marienburg during the third quarter of the thirteenth century, and work connected on information technology until the middle of the fifteenth century. A settlement developed alongside the castle, which together enclosed 25 hectares. Granted town rights in 1286, its castle is larger than any other built by the Club. Since 1997 the outer bailey has been thoroughly excavated, dating to the mid-1350s. Preserved at Marienburg was a polychrome statue of Mary about eight meters in height, made of bogus stone and originally decorated with mosaic tiles. Mary was the most important patron of the knights and central to the liturgy of the Teutonic Club, so it is not surprising to detect such striking representations of her at their almost prominent castle.

Coins [edit]

Coins were minted from the late 1250s. These were often simple in design, stamped with the cantankerous of the Order on ane side, just back up the notion that crusading, colonisation, and a supporting infrastructure went hand in manus from the earliest years of the Prussian Crusade.^[44]

Meet also [edit]

• Ostsiedlung
• Prussia
• War of the Priests (Poland)

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Górski 1949, p. 96-97, 214-215.
2. ^ Stone, Daniel (2001). A History of Central Europe. Academy of Washington Press. pp. 18–xix. ISBN0-295-98093-1.
3. ^ France, John (2005). The Crusades and the Expansion of Cosmic Christendom, 1000–1714. New York: Routledge. p. 380. ISBN0-415-37128-seven.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "wojny polsko-krzyżackie". Encyklopedia PWN (in Smooth). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
5. ^ Bieszk, Janusz (2010). Zamki Państwa Krzyżackiego (in Shine). Warszawa: Bellona. p. 76. ISBN978-83-11-11808-9.
6. ^ Frucht, Richard C. (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 69. ISBN1-57607-800-0.
7. ^ Skyum-Nielsen, Niels (1981). Danish Medieval History & Saxo Grammaticus. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 129. ISBN87-88073-thirty-0.
8. ^ Housley, Norman (1992). The later Crusades, 1274–1580. p. 371. ISBN0-19-822136-3.
9. ^ ^{a b} Górski 1949, p. 88-92, 206-210.
10. ^ Górski 1949, p. 93-94, 212.
11. ^ Lewinski Corwin, Edward Henry (1917). The Political History of Poland. The Polish Volume Importing Company. p. 45. cadger union.
12. ^ ^{a b c d east} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^e siècles); German], meet references for bibliographical details, p. 55. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
13. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Dice Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^{due east} siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, p. 54. ISBN 3-520-37105-seven.
14. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^east-XVII^e siècles); German], encounter references for bibliographical details, p. 123. ISBN iii-520-37105-seven.
15. ^ in German: Hochmeister, literally "High Main".
16. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^{due east} siècles); German], encounter references for bibliographical details, p. 124. ISBN three-520-37105-7.
17. ^ Cf. Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^east siècles); German], run across references for bibliographical details, p. 123. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
18. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Dice Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^{due east} siècles); High german], see references for bibliographical details, p. 96. ISBN three-520-37105-7.
19. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^eastward siècles); German], encounter references for bibliographical details, p. 97. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
20. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^e siècles); German language], encounter references for bibliographical details, p. 98. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
21. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^east-XVII^e siècles); German language], come across references for bibliographical details, p. 99. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
22. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^east siècles); German], meet references for bibliographical details, p. 100. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
23. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^{due east}-XVII^east siècles); German], run across references for bibliographical details, pp. 109seq. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^east siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, p. 110. ISBN three-520-37105-7.
25. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Dice Hanse [La Hanse (XII^eastward-XVII^{due east} siècles); German], come across references for bibliographical details, p. 104. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
26. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Dice Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^east siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, pp. 103seq. ISBN iii-520-37105-7.
27. ^ ^{a b c d} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^east-XVII^{due east} siècles); German], meet references for bibliographical details, p. 105. ISBN 3-520-37105-vii.
28. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Dice Hanse [La Hanse (XII^{due east}-XVII^e siècles); German language], see references for bibliographical details, p. 102. ISBN three-520-37105-7.
29. ^ Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^e siècles); High german], see references for bibliographical details, p.107. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
30. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^e siècles); German language], run across references for bibliographical details, p. 108. ISBN three-520-37105-7.
31. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^e siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, p. 113. ISBN 3-520-37105-7.
32. ^ ^{a b c} Natalia Borzestowska and Waldemar Borzestowski, "Dlaczego zginął burmistrz", 17 October 2005, retrieved on 8 September 2011.
33. ^ ^{a b} Philippe Dollinger, Die Hanse [La Hanse (XII^e-XVII^east siècles); German], see references for bibliographical details, p. 114. ISBN 3-520-37105-vii.
34. ^ W.Bonhke, Der Binnenhandel des Deutschen Ordens in Preusen, in Hansische Geschichtsblatter, 80 (1962), pp.51–3
35. ^ Rogalski, Leon (1846). Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prussami, poprzedzone rysem dziejów wojen krzyżowych (in Polish). Vol. Two. Warszawa. pp. 59–60.
36. ^ Ekdahl, Sven (2008), "The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments", in Victor Mallia-Milanes (ed.), The Military Orders: History and Heritage, vol. 3, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 175, ISBN978-0-7546-6290-7
37. ^ Górski 1949, p. 54.
38. ^ Górski 1949, p. 71-72, 76, 79.
39. ^ Górski 1949, p. 96-97, 215.
40. ^ Górski 1949, p. 96, 103, 214, 221.
41. ^ Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410-1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1-22.
42. ^ Albertas Juška, Mažosios Lietuvos Bažnyčia XVI-Twenty amžiuje, Klaipėda: 1997, pp. 742–771, here after the German translation Die Kirche in Klein Litauen (section: two. Reformatorische Anfänge; (in German)) on: Lietuvos Evangelikų Liuteronų Bažnyčia, retrieved on 28 Baronial 2011.
43. ^ Pluskowski, Aleksander (2013). The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and Colonization. Routledge. p. 149.
44. ^ Pluskowski, Aleksander (2013). The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and Colonization. Routledge. p. 110.

References [edit]

• Dollinger, Philippe (1998) [1966]. Hans Krabusch and Marga Krabusch (trls.) (ed.). Dice Hanse (La Hanse (XII^east-XVII^e siècles, Paris, Aubier, 1964) (in German). Vol. 371. Stuttgart: Kröner: Kröners Taschenbuchausgabe. ISBNiii-520-37105-vii.
• Pluskowski, Aleksander. The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and Colonization. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 0415691710
• Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni.

External links [edit]

Media related to State of the Teutonic Order at Wikimedia Commons

• Ordensland.de: cities, castles and landscapes of the Teutonic Knights (in German language)
• Teutonic Social club (at worldstatesmen)

Coordinates: 54°43′Due north twenty°31′E  /  54.717°N 20.517°Due east  / 54.717; 20.517

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order